Choosing Essay Writing Samples For Your Ideal Teacher

<h1>Choosing Essay Writing Samples For Your Ideal Teacher</h1><p>There are many article composing tests accessible, yet it very well may be very hard to pick the correct one from an ocean of troublesome decisions. It is significant that you know which one you should utilize, particularly in the event that you are utilizing your own article for school. There are diverse paper working examples out there, and this implies you have a ton of alternatives to pick from.</p><p></p><p>I recommend that you compose your article before you search for the ideal model, with the goal that you will have some thought what you need to accomplish. Your guide ought to likewise have the option to give you an excellent beginning on your undertaking. You can either get a book or you can check with the expectation of complimentary example expositions on the web. On the off chance that you can't discover anything, at that point go to libraries that offer free web acc ess.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous manners by which you can have the option to locate the best article composing tests. You can check for them through papers and magazines. There are papers and magazines which don't have any composing tests, so you should can put in no time flat before you go to the market to check for your article composing tests. Recollect that papers and magazines have less authors, so there probably won't be sufficient working examples out there. They would prefer to invest more energy in the substance and less on the composing samples.</p><p></p><p>If you sense that you don't have a clue how to compose an article yourself, you can request guidance from the school counselor, yet much of the time, it is smarter to search for the ideal model. There are numerous alternatives with regards to the paper composing tests. Numerous teachers give their understudies' expositions to compose during their instructional exercis es and help with altering them. In the event that you would prefer not to get this alternative, you can go to the library to look with the expectation of complimentary composing tests. You can likewise take a gander at online assets, for example, sites which have composing tests just as paper composing samples.</p><p></p><p>However, at times you will even now need to get your article composed by a teacher or coach. This would imply that you need to endure another person's voice. You can be certain that they are a specialist regarding the matter, so there ought to be no issues. In any case, with regards to paper composing tests, there will consistently be contrasts between a decent exposition and an incredible one.</p><p></p><p>One thing that you need to focus on when you are picking your article composing tests is the language. A few people will reveal to you that you ought to invest energy to search for language structure botches. You ought not neglect to focus on this part since you ought not need to pay for an article that has blunders in grammar.</p><p></p><p>The last thing that you need to focus on is the style of the exposition. Understudies will in general stress much over this piece of the instructional exercise, so they will for the most part discover it very difficult to compose expositions. They imagine that they don't have a clue how to compose an exposition, thus they will surrender. You can disclose to them this is only an editing work, and in the event that they can truly compose an article, they can make one in the event that they truly need to.</p><p></p><p>As you can see, it is essential to have the option to pick your paper composing tests cautiously. It is significant that you pick a style that will be directly for your teacher, and yet, it isn't excessively formal or too informal.</p>

Salem Village Map Where Victims and Accusers Lived

Understanding of the  Salem witch trials  involves keeping a lot of details straight, including who lived near whom. Different theories about the causes of the wave of accusations, or how they spread, rely in part on who lived in proximity to whom.   Some theories, for instance, stress that the disposition of property (especially that held by widows) was one trigger for accusations.   Some stress that the craze reflected rivalries between those in Salem proper and those in Salem Village. Charles Upham  created this map for his 1867  Salem Witchcraft  by consulting a variety of maps and also from local visits.   He tried to show all the houses as they were placed in 1692 within Salem Village, and a few others nearby (see Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3... below).   The list below gives who was known to occupy the house in 1692, followed by later owners or occupants. For many, the site of the house is conjecture, indicated in the list below with the abbreviation c. The following is adapted from the list in Uphams  Salem Witchcraft. Abbreviations Used in This List s.  The same house believed to be still standing.s.m.  The same house standing within the memory of persons now living.t.r.  Traces of the house remain.c.  The site given is conjectural. Houses in Salem Town 1. John Willard.  c.2.  Isaac Easty.3. Francis Peabody.  c.4. Joseph Porter. (John Bradstreet.)5. William Hobbs.  t.r.6. John Robinson.7. William Nichols.  t.r.8. Bray Wilkins.  c.9. Aaron Way. (A. Batchelder.)10. Thomas Bailey.11. Thomas Fuller, Sr. (Abijah Fuller.)12. William Way.13. Francis Elliot.  c.14. Jonathan Knight.  c.15. Thomas Cave. (Jonathan Berry.)16. Philip Knight. (J.D. Andrews.)17. Isaac Burton.18. John Nichols, Jr. (Jonathan Perry and Aaron Jenkins.)  s.19. Humphrey Case.  t.r.20. Thomas Fuller, Jr. (J.A. Esty.)  s.21. Jacob Fuller.22. Benjamin Fuller.23. Deacon Edward Putnam.  s.m.24. Sergeant Thomas Putnam. (Moses Perkins.)  s.25. Peter Prescot. (Daniel Towne.)26. Ezekiel Cheever. (Chas. P. Preston.)  s.m.27. Eleazer Putnam. (John Preston.)  s.m.28. Henry Kenny.29. John Martin. (Edward Wyatt.)30. John Dale. (Philip H. Wentworth.)31. Joseph Prince. (Philip H. Wentworth.)32. Joseph Putnam. (S. Clark.)  s.33. John Putnam 3d.34. Benjami n Putnam.35. Daniel Andrew. (Joel Wilkins.)36. John Leach, Jr.  c.37. John Putnam, Jr. (Charles Peabody.)38. Joshua Rea. (Francis Dodge.)  s.39. Mary, wid. of Thos. Putnam. (William R. Putnam.)  s.  [Birthplace of Gen. Israel Putnam. Gen. Putnam also lived in a house, the cellar and well of which are still visible, about one hundred rods north of this, and just west of the present dwelling of Andrew Nichols.]40. Alexander Osburn and James Prince. (Stephen Driver.)  s.41. Jonathan Putnam. (Nath. Boardman.)  s.42. George Jacobs, Jr.43. Peter  Cloyse.  t.r.44. William Small.  s.m.45. John Darling. (George Peabody.)  s.m.46. James Putnam. (Wm. A. Lander.)  s.m.47. Capt. John Putnam. (Wm. A. Lander.)48. Daniel Rea. (Augustus Fowler.)  s.49. Henry Brown.50. John Hutchinson. (George Peabody.)  t.r.51. Joseph Whipple.  s.m.52. Benjamin Porter. (Joseph S. Cabot.)53. Joseph Herrick. (R.P. Waters.)54. John Phelps.  c.55. George Flint.  c.56. Ruth Sibley.  s.m. 57. John Buxton.58. William Allin.59. Samuel Brabrook.  c.60. James Smith.61. Samuel Sibley.  t.r.62. Rev. James Bayley. (Benjamin Hutchinson.)63. John Shepherd. (Rev. M.P. Braman.)64. John Flint.65. John Rea.  s.m.66. Joshua Rea. (Adam Nesmith.)  s.m.67. Jeremiah Watts.68. Edward Bishop, the sawyer. (Josiah Trask.)69. Edward Bishop, husbandman.70. Capt. Thomas Rayment.71. Joseph Hutchinson, Jr. (Job Hutchinson.)72. William Buckley.73. Joseph Houlton, Jr.  t.r.74. Thomas Haines. (Elijah Pope.)  s.75. John Houlton. (F.A. Wilkins.)  s.76. Joseph Houlton, Sr. (Isaac Demsey.)77. Joseph Hutchinson, Sr.  t.r.78. John Hadlock. (Saml. P. Nourse.)  s.m.79. Nathaniel Putnam. (Judge Putnam.)  t.r.80. Israel Porter.  s.m.81. James Kettle.82. Royal Side Schoolhouse.83. Dr. William Griggs.84. John Trask. (I. Trask.)  s.85. Cornelius Baker.86. Exercise Conant. (Subsequently, Rev. John Chipman.)87. Deacon Peter Woodberry.  t.r.88. John Rayment, Sr. (Col. J.W. Raymond.)89. Joseph Swinnerton. (Nathl. Pope.)90. Benjamin Hutchinson.  s.m.91. Job Swinnerton. (Amos Cross.)92. Henry Houlton. (Artemas Wilson.)93. Sarah, widow of Benjamin Houlton. (Judge Houlton.)  s.94. Samuel Rea.95.  Francis Nurse. (Orin Putnam.)  s.96. Samuel Nurse. (E.G. Hyde.)  s.97. John Tarbell.  s.98. Thomas Preston.99. Jacob Barney.100. Sergeant John Leach, Sr. (George Southwick.)  s.m.101. Capt. John Dodge, Jr. (Charles Davis.)  t.r.102. Henry Herrick. (Nathl. Porter.) [This had been the homestead of his father, Henry Herrick.]103. Lot Conant. [This was the homestead of his father, Roger Conant.]104. Benjamin Balch, Sr. (Azor Dodge.)  s.  [This was the homestead of his father, John Balch.]105. Thomas Gage. (Charles Davis.)  s.106. Families of Trask, Grover, Haskell, and Elliott.107. Rev. John Hale.108. Dorcas, widow of William Hoar.109. William and Samuel Upton.  c.110. Abraham and John Smith. (J. Smith.)  s.  [This had been the homestead of Robert Goode ll.]111. Isaac Goodell. (Perley Goodale.)112. Abraham Walcot. (Jasper Pope.)  s.m.113. Zachariah Goodell. (Jasper Pope.)114. Samuel Abbey.115. John Walcot.116. Jasper Swinnerton.  s.m.117. John Weldon. Captain Samuel Gardners farm. (Asa Gardner.)118. Gertrude, widow of Joseph Pope. (Rev. Willard Spaulding.)  s.m.119. Capt. Thomas Flint.  s.120. Joseph Flint.  s.121. Isaac Needham.  c.122. The widow Sheldon and her daughter Susannah.123. Walter Phillips. (F. Peabody, Jr.)124. Samuel Endicott.  s.m.125. Families of Creasy, King, Batchelder, and Howard.126. John Green. (J. Green)  s.127. John Parker.128.  Giles Corey.  t.r.129. Henry Crosby.130. Anthony Needham, Jr. (E. and J.S. Needham.)131. Anthony Needham, Sr.132. Nathaniel Felton. (Nathaniel Felton.)  s.133. James Houlton. (Thorndike Procter.)134. John Felton.135. Sarah Phillips.136. Benjamin Scarlett. (District Schoolhouse No. 6.)137. Benjamin Pope.138. Robert Moulton. (T. Taylor.)  c.139. John Procter.140. Daniel Epps.  c.141. Joseph Buxton.  c.142. George Jacobs, Sr. (Allen Jacobs.)  s.143. William Shaw.144. Alice, widow of Michael Shaflin. (J. King.)145. Families of Buffington, Stone, and Southwick.146. William Osborne.147. Families of Very, Gould, Follet, and Meacham. Nathaniel Ingersoll. ¶ Rev. Samuel Parris.  t.r.* Captain Jonathan Walcot.  t.r. Town of Salem [For the sites of the following dwellings, c., referred to in the book, see the small capitals in the lower right-hand corner of the Map.] A.  Jonathan Corwin.B. Samuel Shattock, John Cook, Isaac Sterns, John Bly.C. Bartholomew Gedney.D. Stephen Sewall.E. Court House.F. Rev. Nicholas Noyes.G.  John Hathorne.H. George Corwin, High-sheriff.I.  Bridget Bishop.J. Meeting-house.K. Gedneys Ship Tavern.L. The Prison.M. Samuel Beadle.N. Rev. John Higginson.O.  Ann Pudeator, John Best.P. Capt. John Higginson.Q. The Town Common.R. John Robinson.S. Christopher Babbage.T. Thomas Beadle.U.  Philip English.W. Place of execution, Witch Hill.

Essay Contests For College Students - More Than Just Writing an Essay

<h1>Essay Contests For College Students - More Than Just Writing an Essay</h1><p>If you are an exposition author who has recently moved on from secondary school or on the off chance that you are a little while ago intending to begin composing papers for a school course, you might need to investigate article challenges for understudies. There are a wide range of approaches to gain additional cash for school while you are still in school and composing a paper to participate in into these challenges is only one of the manners in which that you can acquire cash while you are writing.</p><p></p><p>There are different exposition challenges for undergrads to go into every year. While it isn't vital that you need to win the challenge to win additional cash, it is a smart thought to join however many challenges as would be prudent. You can even be in the running for a paid activity in your picked vocation on the off chance that you win a portion of th ese challenges for school students.</p><p></p><p>One of the more well known exposition challenges for undergrads is the National Spelling Bee. While numerous individuals will participate in into this challenge just to get their name out there, it is likewise an incredible method to get paid to compose. You should simply to assemble an incredible spell checker. This can as a rule be bought for under ten dollars, and numerous individuals as of now have it in their own home.</p><p></p><p>Once you get your spelling honey bee tip, you can remember it for a short exposition that you can submit to any of the article challenges for understudies. The individuals at the challenge will at that point have a particular explanation behind needing to see this information.</p><p></p><p>Many of the other exposition challenges for undergrads permit understudies to participate in a few unique challenges. It is ideal to join whatev er number challenges as could be expected under the circumstances since you get the opportunity to procure more cash. It is simpler to acquire cash at the school level when you have various wellsprings of pay and composing a paper is easy.</p><p></p><p>Word of mouth is additionally significant. Continuously ensure that you give your companion or relative a heads up on a challenge that you might be entering. There are a lot of approaches to get cash by basically composing for others.</p><p></p><p>There are numerous other article challenges for understudies, yet only a couple are referenced here. To get familiar with different challenges for undergrads, try to visit online locales that assist you with finding the paper challenges for understudies that are directly for you.</p><p></p><p>With the entirety of the open doors that you need to procure cash while you are composing articles for schools, including expositi on challenges for undergrads, you ought to consider this as probably the most ideal approaches to begin. You can gain some additional cash to get you through school while learning new aptitudes that will set you up for a profession after you graduate.</p>

Essay Samples For SAT and ACT Po - Studying for SAT and ACT

Essay Samples For SAT and ACT Po - Studying for SAT and ACTIf you are thinking of taking the SAT or ACT this year, then you need to know about essay samples for SAT and ACT Po that will help you in getting through the test without having to spend a lot of time preparing. There are a number of ways you can study for these tests, but many students do not give enough attention to detail.This means that they do not focus on what is important. This means that their essays are not very good and not what they expect from themselves when they put all of their effort into the tests. They may think that they can breeze through the entire test, but they do not know the importance of their essays and how important they are to your test score.When taking the SAT or ACT, you must spend some time reviewing your essays and doing everything you can to make sure that you get the best score possible. This is true for all standardized tests and essay samples for SAT and ACT Po will be one of the first a reas that you need to focus on when studying for your exam.The more detail you can provide in your essay, the better. Not only do your words matter but so does your thought process.Your test scores will determine whether or not you are accepted to college, so this should be your goal. You want to make sure that you get the highest score possible. You also want to get the highest grade possible.Remember that your essay samples for SAT and ACT Po are a lot like your essay answers for each test. You should be able to make every word count for every question that you get.A good way to think about the topic of the essay is to give yourself a time frame, and then have the person giving the test give it to you. Then you can see how you stack up against everyone else who has taken the test.You should be able to read through each essay samples for SAT and ACT Po and see if you are on the same page as the people who are giving it to you. It should not take you too long to do this, and you wil l be well on your way to a great test score.

Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse; Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg Free Essays

Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse; Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? Terry V. Hites Prof. Bramlage Dual Diagnosis / Co-Occurring Disorders December 6, 2008 Schizophrenia and substance abuse; which came first, the chicken or the egg? This is a greatly debated topic within families of schizophrenics that abuse alcohol. We will write a custom essay sample on Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse; Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper I hope to explore the prevalence of substance use with those that suffer from schizophrenia, the age of onset and the age of first use, treatment issues, recovery issues, and finally, the issues regarding the high rate of suicidal thoughts, attempts, and completions within this specific population of individuals. â€Å"The 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health in the United States found that over 23% of adults suffering from serious mental illness abused alcohol or other drugs. In the population without a serious mental illness only 8. 2% abused alcohol or other drugs. Among adults who abused alcohol or other drugs, 20. 4% had a serious mental illness† (Cherry, 2007, p. 37). â€Å"Over 75% of people with a co-occurring disorder who were surveyed during treatment reported a history of childhood physical abuse† (p. 38). Interestingly enough, surveys have shown that individuals are readily willing to address their substance abuse but are not so willing to acknowledge their co-occurring mental illness (p. 9-50). â€Å"The lifetime prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD) in schizophrenia is close to 50%. Substance abuse in schizophrenia is associated with numerous negative consequences, including psychotic relapses criminality, homelessness, unemployment, treatment non-compliance, and health problems† (Potvin, 2007, p. 792). In this population, â€Å"substance abuse is highly prevalent† (p. 792) not just used by a few individuals; but people will abuse substances to cope with the negative or positive symptoms of their illness. When looking at the symptoms that they experience, Potvin goes on to say, â€Å"addicted schizophrenia patients suffer from more severe depressive symptoms, relative to non-abusing patients† (p. 793). Furthermore, the research also shows that males experience the depression more severe than females (p. 797); the depression scale includes anhedonia, psycho motor retardation, etc. (p. 796). Keith goes on to say, â€Å"Substance abuse affects approximately half of patients with schizophrenia and can act as a barrier to compliance† (2007, p. 59). â€Å"The lifetime prevalence of substance abuse (excluding smoking) in patients with schizophrenia has been estimated to be approximately 35 to 55%† (p. 260). â€Å"In addition to experiencing these more severe symptoms, or potentially also as a result, psychosocial problems such as occupational, housing or financial difficulties and crime are endemic in the dual-diagnosis population† Keith asserts (p. 261). When exa mining the prevalence of the co-occurring disorders, one would be remiss to not identify the etiology of each. It could be tempting to conclude that PAS [psychoactive substances] use exacerbates depressive symptoms in a subgroup of schizophrenia patients, because long-term use of alcohol, cannabis and cocaine is associated with depressive symptoms† (Potvin, 2007, p. 797). Although these assertions may be concluded, it is also important to not â€Å"draw inferences about causality, and the reverse explanation cannot be ruled out. That is, severe depressive symptoms may lead patients to use PAS, as proposed by the self-medication hypothesis† (p. 97). â€Å"Psychoactive substance use in juveniles and adults is highly correlated with a number of psychiatric diagnoses, including schizophrenia. Young adults with schizophrenia have a 3 times higher prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD’s) than the corresponding age group in the US general population. † (Hsia o, 2007, p. 88). While the amount of research data on this age group is limited due to studies not addressing them, it is difficult to generalize the data collected (p. 88). Alcohol and marijuana were the two most commonly abused agents in our sample. This is consistent with population-based studies of adolescents. The onset of substance use preceded the onset of psychosis in all of our subjects with co-occurring SUD and schizophrenia. Therefore, it is possible that substance abuse precipitated or exacerbated psychosis in these subjects. Epidemiological and neuroscientific evidence suggests that substance abuse, especially cannabis abuse, can precipitate psychosis in vulnerable subjects. Their sample of 50,413 male adolescents who were suspected of having behavioral problems, Weiser et al. found that adolescents who self-reported abuse of drugs at age 16-17 years were twice as likely to be hospitalized later for schizophrenia† (p. 95). Hsiao goes on to state that, â€Å"the onset of substance use preceded their reports of psychotic symptoms in 90% of the cases† (p. 95). In accordance of the research Keith emphasizes that, â€Å"the onset of substance abuse often occurs before or around the time of onset of schizophrenia. In a study in which 232 patients with first episodes of schizophrenia were interviewed, 62% reported that drug abuse began before the onset of schizophrenia symptoms, and 51% said the same of alcohol abuse. Within this population, 34. 6% of drug abuse and 18. 2% of alcohol abuse began within the same month as the onset of schizophrenia symptoms. In addition, patients with schizophrenia are twice as likely to have had a history of substance abuse at the time of the first episode of schizophrenia than are healthy subjects† (p. 260). Keeping all of these early onset of use issues and early occurrences of the illness in mind there is a tremendous amount of barriers between the individual and their recovery. Next we will explore what issues are barriers to their treatment. â€Å"[T]he realization that co-occurring problems are best treated with an integrated approach has only recently been recognized by the treatment community† states Cherry, (p. 38-39). Universal screening is needed but many barriers stand in the way of its implementation, from training time to building an infrastructure of clinicians who support everyone being screened, (p. 9). Ultimately, universal screening is as much about the attitudes of administrators and clinicians as it is about having a reliable and valid screen to identify co-occurring disorders. Nonetheless, a screen that is quickly administered, easy to interpret and takes little or no training to administer can break down many of those barriers. Even though there are barriers to instituting a screening procedure during intake, the importance of screening for concurrent substance abuse and mental health problems is crucial in the effort to provide effective treatment for people with a co-occurring disorder† (p. 0). Potvin reminds us in his research that, â€Å"ideally, depressive symptoms would be measured both during the active phase of substance abuse and after a period of drug withdrawal, to determine whether the observed differences reflect the acute effects of PAS or more stable traits† (p. 797). Likewise, â€Å"[p]ersons with mental heath or substance abuse disorders may not seek help, at least not in the form of professional treatment (i. e. , psychotherapy, medication), because these treatment options are perceived by the person, family, or social network as inappropriate or undesirable† (Kuppin, 2008, p. 20). Kuppin goes on to say, â€Å"[t]hese findings offer important insights for furthering our understanding of how we thin k about the discrepancy between mental illness and substance abuse prevalence and treatment seeking and adherence† (p. 124). Research echoes with relapse among individuals in this particular population; nonetheless, there are those who investigate options available to improve compliance. â€Å"Many patients with schizophrenia may abuse substances for â€Å"hedonistic† reasons, while others may use them in an attempt to reduce symptoms or distress. Alcohol, in particular, can tend to be used more often than illicit drugs, such as opioids or cannabis, though it has also been reported that patients may turn either to alcohol or illicit drugs to alleviate the negative symptoms inadequately treated, or potentially made worse by conventional antipsychotic and the side effect of dysphoria associated with these agents. However, although patients may believe that substance abuse ameliorates symptoms of schizophrenia, data suggest that many of these underlying symptoms may, in fact, be worsened† (Keith, 2007, p. 260). Therein lies the problem, trying to convince a person that the drug he is using is hurting him, when all he sees is this drug is the only thing that keeps me from hurting myself or others; and in itself that is the lie they tell themselves, they do end up trying to hurt themselves, statistics show it. Additionally, statistics show that non-compliant dual-diagnosed patients account for 57% of hospital readmissions, which is an average of 1. 5 admissions per patient each year (p. 261). â€Å"As schizophrenia is a lifelong illness, it requires long term, uninterrupted treatment to optimize outcomes. The low rate of therapy compliance already associated with schizophrenia can be further compromised when patients are also active substance abusers. Intoxication may impair judgment; reduce motivation to pursue long-term goals and lead to a devaluation of the protection offered by antipsychotic medications, resulting in increased hospital readmissions and significantly more severe symptoms† (p. 262). Treatment is further compromised when a patient does not fully â€Å"buy into† his treatment regime and comply with his doctors, counselors, or therapists. Research shows that several different ways have been developed to try to improve compliance such as pharmacologic methods, case management, and assertive community treatment programs; these do help but improved insight and attitudes about schizophrenia has shown to be most helpful for an individual to take ownership for their recovery. â€Å"Moreover, without treatment, many individuals continue to experience several relapses because the untreated disorder is not addressed† (Cherry, 2007, 39). Atypical antipsychotics are recommended for reducing substance abuse in schizophrenia patients and have been shown to be effective in this manner† (Keith, 2007, 259). Studies however do show that those that have developed a strong alliance with their therapist are more likely to comply with a prescribed medication regime (p. 262). Keith additionally adds that, â€Å"treatment for persons who have both schizophrenia and substance abuse was evaluated by incorporating cognitive-behav ioral drug relapse prevention strategies into a skills training method originally developed to teach social and independent living skills to patients with schizophrenia. Results demonstrated that participants learned substance-abuse management skills, and that their drug use decreased. Improvements were also noted in medication adherence, psychiatric symptoms and quality of life† (p. 263). All in all, recovery is possible for the dual-diagnosed patient, but long term treatment and persistence is required; studies have shown that most individuals experience a long line of relapses and several suicidal attempts before fully embracing recovery. Although it is an ugly part of recovery for many of those with schizophrenia, suicidal thoughts and attempts are common. [S]uicide accounts for approximately10-20% of patient deaths in schizophrenia. In this context, the identification of factors contributing to depression in schizophrenia may have implications for the prevention and treatment of these symptoms† (Potvin, 2007, 793). Research has shown that this particular population is at an increased risk after being prescribed clozapine or olanzapin e and they are currently abusing substances; likewise an increased awareness needs to be made by those working with these individuals to identify and screen for the suicidal ideation (Keith, 2007, p. 61). In conclusion, the prevalence of schizophrenia and substance abuse is great in this country; as well as the age of onset of symptoms and age of first use. Individual treatment issues as well as recovery issues can act as a barrier to one achieving recovery. Although recovery has been shown to be attainable, suicidal thoughts and attempts can be a major deterrent to many individuals experiencing it; through increased compliance via pharmacological services, case management or other methods, individuals can see it. So, schizophrenia or substance abuse; which came first, the chicken or the egg? I’ll let you decide; personally I will work in the framework of integrated treatment and work with the co-occurring disorder. References Cherry, A. L. , Dillon, M. E. , Hellman, C. M. ,   Ã‚  Barney, L. D. (2007). The AC-COD Screen: Rapid Detection of People with the Co-Occurring Disorders of Substance Abuse, Mental Illness, Domestic Violence, and Trauma. Journal of Dual Diagnosis*, [No Volume/Issue], 35-53. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Hsiao, R. ,  Ã‚   McClellan, J. (2007). Substance Abuse in Early Onset Psychotic Disorders. Journal of Dual Diagnosis*, [No Volume/Issue], 87-99. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Keith,  S. (2007). Dual Diagnosis of Substance Abuse and Schizophrenia: Improving Compliance with Pharmacotherapy. Clinical Schizophrenia Related Psychoses, 1(3), 259-269. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Kuppin. (2008). Public Conceptions of Serious Mental Illness and Substance Abuse, Their Causes and Treatments: Findings from the 1996 General Social Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 96(10), S120. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Potvin. (2007). Meta-analysis of depressive symptoms in dual-diagnosis schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(10), 792-799. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . How to cite Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse; Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg?, Papers

Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse; Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg Free Essays

Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse; Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? Terry V. Hites Prof. Bramlage Dual Diagnosis / Co-Occurring Disorders December 6, 2008 Schizophrenia and substance abuse; which came first, the chicken or the egg? This is a greatly debated topic within families of schizophrenics that abuse alcohol. We will write a custom essay sample on Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse; Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg? or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper I hope to explore the prevalence of substance use with those that suffer from schizophrenia, the age of onset and the age of first use, treatment issues, recovery issues, and finally, the issues regarding the high rate of suicidal thoughts, attempts, and completions within this specific population of individuals. â€Å"The 2002 National Survey on Drug Use and Health in the United States found that over 23% of adults suffering from serious mental illness abused alcohol or other drugs. In the population without a serious mental illness only 8. 2% abused alcohol or other drugs. Among adults who abused alcohol or other drugs, 20. 4% had a serious mental illness† (Cherry, 2007, p. 37). â€Å"Over 75% of people with a co-occurring disorder who were surveyed during treatment reported a history of childhood physical abuse† (p. 38). Interestingly enough, surveys have shown that individuals are readily willing to address their substance abuse but are not so willing to acknowledge their co-occurring mental illness (p. 9-50). â€Å"The lifetime prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD) in schizophrenia is close to 50%. Substance abuse in schizophrenia is associated with numerous negative consequences, including psychotic relapses criminality, homelessness, unemployment, treatment non-compliance, and health problems† (Potvin, 2007, p. 792). In this population, â€Å"substance abuse is highly prevalent† (p. 792) not just used by a few individuals; but people will abuse substances to cope with the negative or positive symptoms of their illness. When looking at the symptoms that they experience, Potvin goes on to say, â€Å"addicted schizophrenia patients suffer from more severe depressive symptoms, relative to non-abusing patients† (p. 793). Furthermore, the research also shows that males experience the depression more severe than females (p. 797); the depression scale includes anhedonia, psycho motor retardation, etc. (p. 796). Keith goes on to say, â€Å"Substance abuse affects approximately half of patients with schizophrenia and can act as a barrier to compliance† (2007, p. 59). â€Å"The lifetime prevalence of substance abuse (excluding smoking) in patients with schizophrenia has been estimated to be approximately 35 to 55%† (p. 260). â€Å"In addition to experiencing these more severe symptoms, or potentially also as a result, psychosocial problems such as occupational, housing or financial difficulties and crime are endemic in the dual-diagnosis population† Keith asserts (p. 261). When exa mining the prevalence of the co-occurring disorders, one would be remiss to not identify the etiology of each. It could be tempting to conclude that PAS [psychoactive substances] use exacerbates depressive symptoms in a subgroup of schizophrenia patients, because long-term use of alcohol, cannabis and cocaine is associated with depressive symptoms† (Potvin, 2007, p. 797). Although these assertions may be concluded, it is also important to not â€Å"draw inferences about causality, and the reverse explanation cannot be ruled out. That is, severe depressive symptoms may lead patients to use PAS, as proposed by the self-medication hypothesis† (p. 97). â€Å"Psychoactive substance use in juveniles and adults is highly correlated with a number of psychiatric diagnoses, including schizophrenia. Young adults with schizophrenia have a 3 times higher prevalence of substance use disorders (SUD’s) than the corresponding age group in the US general population. † (Hsia o, 2007, p. 88). While the amount of research data on this age group is limited due to studies not addressing them, it is difficult to generalize the data collected (p. 88). Alcohol and marijuana were the two most commonly abused agents in our sample. This is consistent with population-based studies of adolescents. The onset of substance use preceded the onset of psychosis in all of our subjects with co-occurring SUD and schizophrenia. Therefore, it is possible that substance abuse precipitated or exacerbated psychosis in these subjects. Epidemiological and neuroscientific evidence suggests that substance abuse, especially cannabis abuse, can precipitate psychosis in vulnerable subjects. Their sample of 50,413 male adolescents who were suspected of having behavioral problems, Weiser et al. found that adolescents who self-reported abuse of drugs at age 16-17 years were twice as likely to be hospitalized later for schizophrenia† (p. 95). Hsiao goes on to state that, â€Å"the onset of substance use preceded their reports of psychotic symptoms in 90% of the cases† (p. 95). In accordance of the research Keith emphasizes that, â€Å"the onset of substance abuse often occurs before or around the time of onset of schizophrenia. In a study in which 232 patients with first episodes of schizophrenia were interviewed, 62% reported that drug abuse began before the onset of schizophrenia symptoms, and 51% said the same of alcohol abuse. Within this population, 34. 6% of drug abuse and 18. 2% of alcohol abuse began within the same month as the onset of schizophrenia symptoms. In addition, patients with schizophrenia are twice as likely to have had a history of substance abuse at the time of the first episode of schizophrenia than are healthy subjects† (p. 260). Keeping all of these early onset of use issues and early occurrences of the illness in mind there is a tremendous amount of barriers between the individual and their recovery. Next we will explore what issues are barriers to their treatment. â€Å"[T]he realization that co-occurring problems are best treated with an integrated approach has only recently been recognized by the treatment community† states Cherry, (p. 38-39). Universal screening is needed but many barriers stand in the way of its implementation, from training time to building an infrastructure of clinicians who support everyone being screened, (p. 9). Ultimately, universal screening is as much about the attitudes of administrators and clinicians as it is about having a reliable and valid screen to identify co-occurring disorders. Nonetheless, a screen that is quickly administered, easy to interpret and takes little or no training to administer can break down many of those barriers. Even though there are barriers to instituting a screening procedure during intake, the importance of screening for concurrent substance abuse and mental health problems is crucial in the effort to provide effective treatment for people with a co-occurring disorder† (p. 0). Potvin reminds us in his research that, â€Å"ideally, depressive symptoms would be measured both during the active phase of substance abuse and after a period of drug withdrawal, to determine whether the observed differences reflect the acute effects of PAS or more stable traits† (p. 797). Likewise, â€Å"[p]ersons with mental heath or substance abuse disorders may not seek help, at least not in the form of professional treatment (i. e. , psychotherapy, medication), because these treatment options are perceived by the person, family, or social network as inappropriate or undesirable† (Kuppin, 2008, p. 20). Kuppin goes on to say, â€Å"[t]hese findings offer important insights for furthering our understanding of how we thin k about the discrepancy between mental illness and substance abuse prevalence and treatment seeking and adherence† (p. 124). Research echoes with relapse among individuals in this particular population; nonetheless, there are those who investigate options available to improve compliance. â€Å"Many patients with schizophrenia may abuse substances for â€Å"hedonistic† reasons, while others may use them in an attempt to reduce symptoms or distress. Alcohol, in particular, can tend to be used more often than illicit drugs, such as opioids or cannabis, though it has also been reported that patients may turn either to alcohol or illicit drugs to alleviate the negative symptoms inadequately treated, or potentially made worse by conventional antipsychotic and the side effect of dysphoria associated with these agents. However, although patients may believe that substance abuse ameliorates symptoms of schizophrenia, data suggest that many of these underlying symptoms may, in fact, be worsened† (Keith, 2007, p. 260). Therein lies the problem, trying to convince a person that the drug he is using is hurting him, when all he sees is this drug is the only thing that keeps me from hurting myself or others; and in itself that is the lie they tell themselves, they do end up trying to hurt themselves, statistics show it. Additionally, statistics show that non-compliant dual-diagnosed patients account for 57% of hospital readmissions, which is an average of 1. 5 admissions per patient each year (p. 261). â€Å"As schizophrenia is a lifelong illness, it requires long term, uninterrupted treatment to optimize outcomes. The low rate of therapy compliance already associated with schizophrenia can be further compromised when patients are also active substance abusers. Intoxication may impair judgment; reduce motivation to pursue long-term goals and lead to a devaluation of the protection offered by antipsychotic medications, resulting in increased hospital readmissions and significantly more severe symptoms† (p. 262). Treatment is further compromised when a patient does not fully â€Å"buy into† his treatment regime and comply with his doctors, counselors, or therapists. Research shows that several different ways have been developed to try to improve compliance such as pharmacologic methods, case management, and assertive community treatment programs; these do help but improved insight and attitudes about schizophrenia has shown to be most helpful for an individual to take ownership for their recovery. â€Å"Moreover, without treatment, many individuals continue to experience several relapses because the untreated disorder is not addressed† (Cherry, 2007, 39). Atypical antipsychotics are recommended for reducing substance abuse in schizophrenia patients and have been shown to be effective in this manner† (Keith, 2007, 259). Studies however do show that those that have developed a strong alliance with their therapist are more likely to comply with a prescribed medication regime (p. 262). Keith additionally adds that, â€Å"treatment for persons who have both schizophrenia and substance abuse was evaluated by incorporating cognitive-behav ioral drug relapse prevention strategies into a skills training method originally developed to teach social and independent living skills to patients with schizophrenia. Results demonstrated that participants learned substance-abuse management skills, and that their drug use decreased. Improvements were also noted in medication adherence, psychiatric symptoms and quality of life† (p. 263). All in all, recovery is possible for the dual-diagnosed patient, but long term treatment and persistence is required; studies have shown that most individuals experience a long line of relapses and several suicidal attempts before fully embracing recovery. Although it is an ugly part of recovery for many of those with schizophrenia, suicidal thoughts and attempts are common. [S]uicide accounts for approximately10-20% of patient deaths in schizophrenia. In this context, the identification of factors contributing to depression in schizophrenia may have implications for the prevention and treatment of these symptoms† (Potvin, 2007, 793). Research has shown that this particular population is at an increased risk after being prescribed clozapine or olanzapin e and they are currently abusing substances; likewise an increased awareness needs to be made by those working with these individuals to identify and screen for the suicidal ideation (Keith, 2007, p. 61). In conclusion, the prevalence of schizophrenia and substance abuse is great in this country; as well as the age of onset of symptoms and age of first use. Individual treatment issues as well as recovery issues can act as a barrier to one achieving recovery. Although recovery has been shown to be attainable, suicidal thoughts and attempts can be a major deterrent to many individuals experiencing it; through increased compliance via pharmacological services, case management or other methods, individuals can see it. So, schizophrenia or substance abuse; which came first, the chicken or the egg? I’ll let you decide; personally I will work in the framework of integrated treatment and work with the co-occurring disorder. References Cherry, A. L. , Dillon, M. E. , Hellman, C. M. ,   Ã‚  Barney, L. D. (2007). The AC-COD Screen: Rapid Detection of People with the Co-Occurring Disorders of Substance Abuse, Mental Illness, Domestic Violence, and Trauma. Journal of Dual Diagnosis*, [No Volume/Issue], 35-53. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Hsiao, R. ,  Ã‚   McClellan, J. (2007). Substance Abuse in Early Onset Psychotic Disorders. Journal of Dual Diagnosis*, [No Volume/Issue], 87-99. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Keith,  S. (2007). Dual Diagnosis of Substance Abuse and Schizophrenia: Improving Compliance with Pharmacotherapy. Clinical Schizophrenia Related Psychoses, 1(3), 259-269. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Kuppin. (2008). Public Conceptions of Serious Mental Illness and Substance Abuse, Their Causes and Treatments: Findings from the 1996 General Social Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 96(10), S120. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . Potvin. (2007). Meta-analysis of depressive symptoms in dual-diagnosis schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(10), 792-799. Academic Search Complete. Ebsco Host. OSU/Lima Campus Lib. , Lima, OH. 10 October 2008 . How to cite Schizophrenia and Substance Abuse; Which Came First, the Chicken or the Egg?, Papers

Leonardo Da Vinci Essays (178 words) - Giftedness,

Leonardo Da Vinci Everyone has heard of the Mona Lisa, but less well-known than Leonardo's painting are his notebooks. They show that he was a designer and scientist way beyond his time. He drew his visions of the aeroplane, the helicopter, the parachute, the submarine and the car. It was more than 300 years before many of his ideas were improved upon. The notebooks are where Leonardo recorded his own ideas as well as existing designs and philosophies for reference. They were never intended for publication. After his death in France on 2 May 1519, Francesco Melzi, his pupil, brought many of his manuscripts and drawings back to Italy. Melzi's heirs, who had no idea of the importance of the manuscripts, gradually disposed of them. Despite this, over 5,000 pages still exist in Leonardo's 'mirror writing', from right to left. Over the centuries the sheets have been split up, and few notebooks survive in anything like their original form. Some even remained undiscovered until 1966, when they were found by chance in the archives of the Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid.